The Amazon rainforest, covering much of northwestern Brazil and extending into Colombia, Peru and other South American countries, is the world's largest tropical rainforest, famed for its biodiversity. It's intertwined by thousands of rivers, including the powerful Amazon. This rainforest spans over 9 countries and is renowned for its incredibly rich biodiversity and ecosystems. The amazon rainforest is considered the "lungs of the earth," this is due to the fact that it is the most biodiverse region on earth, providing shelter to three million species on plants and animals. Billions of trees absorb an abundance of carbon dioxide every year and slow down the climate change along with producing 20% of earth's oxygen. The amazon rainforest is not just a diverse region, but is also crucial to the region of South America. The water's provided by the amazon are significant to the development of South Americas economy, as much as 70% of the South American continent's GDP is produced in areas that receive water from the Amazon. It is estimated that the Amazon's ecosystem services contribute as much as $8.2 billion to Brazil's economy alone. Aside from this, many tribes find home in the amazon rainforest. Over 400 different and diverse tribes each with a distinct culture, language, and area live in the amazon and rely on the resources for their survival. This can include resources such as traditional and natural medicine and great quantities of food. Not only does these resources provide for the locals but also ship worldwide since many products are produced from the flora and fauna of this ecosystem. 

The Amazon River in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the longest or second-longest river system in the world, a title which is disputed with the Nile. The Amazon River has a length of over 3,997 miles (the equivalent distance from New York City to Rome), has a basin size of 7.381 million ft³/s, and spans over the countries of Brazil, Peru, and Columbia. The Amazon River is a massive, intricate water system weaving through one of the most vital and complex ecosystems in the world — the Amazon rainforest in South America. It is by far the mightiest river on Earth in terms of volume and width — reaching a span of nearly 30 miles (48 kilometers) in some parts during the rainy season. The river and its basin are home to many unique species of animals, trees and plants. The Amazon River, just like the amazon rainforest is very diverse, its main animals include the Amazon River Dolphin, Capybaras, Black Caimans, Green Anacondas, Poison Dart Frogs, etc. Not only is the river diverse and filled with lush ecosystems, but it also plays an important role in the world. The Amazon River provides important resources that aid human economic development, due to the fact that it has one of the largest known reserves of bauxite, also known as a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content used to create aluminum metal. With such high reserves of bauxite, it provides for about 15% of the world, along side this, marketing and industries provided by the river and it's basin are some of the largest suppliers of steel and iron in today's market. 

Kaieteur Falls is a single-drop waterfall on the Potaro River in Kaieteur National Park, central Essequibo Territory, Guyana. It is 226 meters high when measured from its plunge over a sandstone and conglomerate cliff to the first break. These falls have an elevation of 1,581 feet and has an average width of 371 feet (Fun fact, this waterfall was featured in the movie "The White Diamond"). This waterfall is renowned for its largest single-drop volume of water flowing over it, making it one of the most powerful waterfalls in the entire world, with an average flow rate of 663 cubic meters per second (23,400 cubic feet per second). According to legends told by the Indigenous Patamona people, Kaieteur Falls is named in honor of a chief named Kai who offered himself as a sacrifice, paddling his boat over the raging waterfall to appease the great spirit, Macunaíma, and save his people. Not only does this waterfall provide breathtaking views described as standing on clouds due to it's such high drops creating an overview as if one was falling from the edge of the earth, but it also holds great importance and significance in terms of culture and ecosystem. The Kaieteur Falls itself is an important spiritual area and symbol to the indigenous Patamona people. They rely on the resources provided by the forests, rivers, and savannahs for generations in which have supplied them for years. Aside from this, the river also acts as a natural barrier for fish passage, allowing for independent isolated upstream fish populations to evolve without interference or interruptions, increasing their fitness in their natural habitat. 

The Atacama Desert is a desert plateau located on the Pacific coast of South America, in the north of Chile. Stretching over a 1,600 km strip of land west of the Andes Mountains, it covers an area of 105,000 km², which increases to 128,000 km² if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included. The Atacama Desert is a stretch of 600-700 miles, and has an area of 104,741 km2 (40,441 sq mi), this desert borders Central Andean dry puna; Chilean matorral, Sechura Desert and has coordinates of 24°30′S 69°15′W / 24.500°S 69.250°W. The Atacama Desert is the driest non-polar desert in the world, adding on to its fame. A non-polar desert is simply a region of the earth where the desert is located outside of the polar areas. The Atacama Desert is a conflicted prospect—unflinchingly flat in parts, yet fringed by the last, westernmost outriders of the Andes; a 49,000-square-mile (78,850 square kilometer) pocket that sits at an elevation of 7,900 feet (2,408 meters) yet manages to be one of the most persistently dry corners of the planet (receiving only 15 millimeters of rainfall a year), an inhospitable context for human life that's sustained busy settlements for millennia—barren and yet beautiful. Not only is this desert famous for its dry temperatures and climate, but it is also important due to the fact that it harbors a rich and diverse microbial community. This diversity is crucial since soil microbial diversity plays a key role in maintaining ecosystems. These processes support procedures such as decomposition and organic matter mineralization, which allow the transfer of matter and energy. Aside from this, the Atacama Desert supports many experiments for NASA. This is because due to the extreme conditions, it is able to mimic environments on Mars which are needed to refine rover technologies and methods.